Cluster B: Ecology, economy and services in exchange

General Hypotheses:

(H2) Conflicts between provisioning, supporting, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services increase with urbanisation.

(H3) Diversity in production systems and in the exchange processes of goods and services is highest at intermediate stages of transition and decreases again as food systems become more efficient.

(H4) Ecological constraints and economic opportunities increase with urbanisation and make decision processes and governance more complex.